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Force equals mass times acceleration
Kinematic Eq 2
s = ut + ½at²
Displacement
Kinematic Eq 3
v² = u² + 2as
Velocity-displacement relation
Centripetal Force
F = mv²/r
Force in circular motion
Angular Momentum
L = Iω = mvr
Rotational momentum
Gravitational Force
F = Gm₁m₂/r²
Universal gravitation law
Gravitational PE
U = -Gm₁m₂/r
Potential energy in gravity
Escape Velocity
vₑ = √(2GM/R)
Speed to escape gravity
Orbital Velocity
v₀ = √(GM/r)
Speed for circular orbit
Time Period
T = 2π√(r³/GM)
Kepler's 3rd law
g at height h
g′ = g(1 - 2h/R)
For h << R
Speed = frequency × wavelength
Snell's Law
n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
Refraction law
Lens Formula
1/f = 1/v - 1/u
Thin lens equation
Mirror Formula
1/f = 1/v + 1/u
Concave/convex mirror
Magnification
m = -v/u = hᵢ/hₒ
Image size ratio
Young's Double Slit
y = nλD/d
Fringe position
Doppler Effect
f' = f(v ± vₒ)/(v ∓ vₛ)
Frequency shift
Voltage = Current × Resistance
Coulomb's Law
F = kq₁q₂/r²
Electric force between charges
Field due to point charge
Capacitance
C = Q/V = εA/d
Parallel plate capacitor
Energy in Capacitor
U = ½CV²
Stored energy
Magnetic Force
F = qvBsinθ
Lorentz force
Faraday's Law
EMF = -dΦ/dt
Electromagnetic induction
Einstein's famous equation
Bohr Energy
Eₙ = -13.6Z²/n² eV
Energy levels